{"id":1015,"date":"2014-08-06T22:46:13","date_gmt":"2014-08-06T22:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/naima.website.member365.com\/?p=1015"},"modified":"2017-07-27T14:36:13","modified_gmt":"2017-07-27T14:36:13","slug":"sustainable-energy-efficiency-of-homes-starts-with-an-uncompromised-house-envelope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.naimacanada.ca\/sustainable-energy-efficiency-of-homes-starts-with-an-uncompromised-house-envelope\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Energy Efficiency of Homes Starts with an Uncompromised House Envelope"},"content":{"rendered":"

Context\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Properly designed and constructed energy efficient homes require both well-insulated and sealed building envelopes and efficient, reliable mechanical systems.\u00a0 Selecting the appropriate R-values and equipment efficiencies for conventional housing is fairly easy since building codes specify minimum requirements for most of these parameters.\u00a0 However, as the home’s energy target becomes more rigorous, designers and builders have to decide how much of the additional investment to put into envelope measures versus that which goes into the mechanical systems.\u00a0 But the decisions designers and builders make have consequences for more than the first home owner:\u00a0 the sustainability of their choices has an impact on subsequent owners of that home \u2013 who have to consider more likely maintenance costs, and future energy efficiency upgrades to meet evolving societal expectations.\u00a0 As such, these decisions affect the future desirability of living in homes built in these neighbourhoods. This paper argues that builders should not trade-off improvements to the building envelope in favour of mechanical systems.\u00a0 Several factors should be considered when addressing this question.<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Reduce the Size and Cost of the Mechanical System<\/strong><\/p>\n

An energy efficient envelope requires less space heating and cooling.\u00a0 This is obvious, but builders have been unable to profit from this opportunity by being forced to use an outdated CSA F280 standard, which effectively mandated oversized heating systems.\u00a0 This standard has now been revised, and the new version allows selection of smaller heating systems appropriate to the quality of the envelope.\u00a0 Reduced capacity heating systems also permit use of smaller, and hence cheaper, distribution systems.\u00a0 So maximising the energy efficiency of the envelope can end up saving money on the mechanical system[i].<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Have A Longer Life Expectancy<\/strong><\/p>\n

With the exception of ductwork, plumbing and venting systems, most of a home’s mechanical system has a relatively short life expectancy compared to envelope components.\u00a0 Heating systems such as furnaces and heat pumps, as well as ventilation system components last about 25 years while hot water tanks are normally good for about 10 years.\u00a0 In contrast, properly installed envelope measures such as upgraded insulation levels in the wall, ceiling and basement should last the life of the building.<\/p>\n

Research on the long-term energy usage of houses has demonstrated the durability of energy conservation measures.\u00a0 For example, a study of twenty-one energy efficient houses over a decade-long period found the mean change in weather-normalized, total purchased energy was very small, averaging about -1.4% (i.e. a slight decrease in consumption)[ii].\u00a0 While individual house energy usage varied a fair bit, from -33.2% to +30.3%, the overall house sample demonstrated remarkably consistent behaviour from an energy perspective.\u00a0 Further, fourteen of these houses which had not experienced any significant changes to either their physical characteristics or their occupancy patterns displayed an average change in energy use of only 0.4% over ten years.\u00a0 While this demonstrates the durability of both the envelope and mechanical systems used in the houses, the latter will have to be replaced multiple times over the life of the house.<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Have Lower Maintenance Costs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Every homeowner knows that regular maintenance is required to keep a house in working order.\u00a0 However, if the building envelope is properly designed and constructed, maintenance costs will be minimized.\u00a0 Mechanical devices are a different story: they contain moving parts and electronics including printed circuit boards. \u00a0These require regular maintenance and replacement, and are, arguably, more vulnerable to problems resulting from inadequate servicing.\u00a0 Most mechanical appliance manufacturers recommend servicing their products every few years by trained personnel to keep equipment in peak condition.\u00a0 Since even a basic service call will cost between $100 and $300 even if no problems are found, this can significantly degrade the cost-effectiveness of these measures.\u00a0 Also, mechanical systems are becoming increasingly complex as manufacturer’s attempt to squeeze the maximum possible performance out of their equipment which further increases their vulnerability to maintenance issues.<\/p>\n

Servicing mechanical systems can also be a major problem in rural, remote and northern locations where the availability of trained maintenance personnel and spare parts is more problematic than in southern, urban areas.\u00a0 In contrast, most building envelope repairs require materials and supplies which can be readily found at almost any home hardware store or lumber yard.<\/p>\n

Mechanical Systems Are Easier To Upgrade In The Future<\/strong><\/p>\n

Since most mechanical devices only last 10 to 25 years, there will be opportunities to install better, more efficient appliances in the future.\u00a0 In contrast, upgrading envelope measures is more expensive and difficult to perform at a later date.\u00a0 Replacing an existing furnace with a more efficient unit is relatively straightforward; in fact, if the venting system does not have to be altered it can be almost a “plug-and-play” exercise.\u00a0 Upgrading envelope insulation levels is a more difficult and expensive proposition since more than insulation is likely affected (new cladding, new interior finishes, new windows or window treatments, etc., may be required).\u00a0 A recent study for Ontario\u2019s Ministry of Housing and Municipal Affairs showed that such envelope insulation upgrades have simple pay-backs of around 20 years \u2013 which is a non-starter for any home owner[iii]. \u00a0Envelope measures which cost $1000 if incorporated into the original design may cost two to four times as much to add on after the house is completed (even if inflation is ignored).<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Provide Enhanced Protection During Power Failures and Other Catastrophic Events<\/strong><\/p>\n

If the power goes out, envelope measures will still protect the home’s occupants, whereas mechanical systems will be of no value.\u00a0 A modern, well-insulated and sealed Canadian home can provide shelter during the most brutal weather conditions – even if the entire mechanical system is disabled by a power outage or some other catastrophic event.\u00a0 The better insulated and more airtight the envelope, the better the protection which the house can provide during such events.<\/p>\n

During the 1998 Ice Storm, thousands of people were left without electricity for periods up to several weeks.\u00a0 Outdoor temperatures averaged between -7 and -8 \u00b0C, although temperatures did reach as low as -23 \u00b0C.\u00a0 However, in-house temperature measurements conducted in thirty-one of the affected homes on behalf of CMHC found that their average temperatures remained well above freezing[v].\u00a0 This demonstrated that even if the power fails in a modern house, the house may take days or weeks to fall below freezing, depending on the severity of the weather.\u00a0 If higher levels of insulation and improved airtightness are used (relative to those in the Ice Storm houses), then the time required for the house temperature to reach the freezing point will be even longer.\u00a0 Also, the house will be able to stay above freezing during periods with even colder temperatures.<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Protect the Health of the Occupants<\/strong><\/p>\n

A well-insulated building envelope will operate with higher interior surface temperatures on the walls, ceilings and foundation.\u00a0 This will reduce the amount of condensation which occurs on these surfaces and thereby reduce mould growth.\u00a0 It should be noted that the amount of surface condensation necessary to promote mould growth is very slight; in fact it is usually invisible to the naked eye.\u00a0 Incorporating design measures such as insulated sheathing will seriously reduce the impact of thermal bridges in the building envelope and can have a surprisingly effective impact on occupant health.<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Reduce the Amount of Outdoor Noise<\/strong><\/p>\n

Insulation and airtightness not only save energy but reduce the amount of outdoor noise which is transmitted into the house interior[vi].\u00a0 For example, even changing the stud spacing in a 2\u201dx6\u201d wall from 16″ to 24″ on centre reduces the amount of outdoor noise transmitted into the house.\u00a0 Likewise, adding insulated sheathing to the wall assembly, either rigid or semi-rigid, further reduces the amount of outdoor noise transmission.<\/p>\n

Envelope Measures Become Increasingly Important As the House Becomes More Energy Efficient<\/strong><\/p>\n

The overall design of a house becomes increasingly challenging as it approaches Net Zero or Near Neat Zero levels of performance, since the total investment in energy measures becomes much larger.\u00a0 In fact, one study of recent experiences with Net Zero Energy Houses in Canada found that “One of the most common problems (both observed and reported) with Net Zero Energy Housing has been the complexity of the mechanical systems (space heating, domestic hot water heating, ventilation and cooling).\u00a0 While there may be a temptation to use every thermodynamic opportunity to maximize performance, the reality is that complex mechanical systems almost always prove to be problematic, expensive and far too unreliable.\u00a0 Perhaps the most trouble-prone example has been seasonal heat storage systems which attempt to capture and store large amounts of energy between seasons.\u00a0 While technically feasible, such systems are usually extremely expensive, produce nominal savings and may require the homeowners to adopt a full-time repairman as a live-in family member”[vii].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
\n

[i]Oding, A. (2013, October). Changing Codes \u2013 New Opportunities For Residential HVAC. Technical Research Committee Meeting<\/em>. Presentation given at Canadian Home Builders\u2019 Association Conference, Ottawa, ON.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[ii] Proskiw, G. (2001). Long-Term Airtightness and Energy Performance of Wood-Frame Houses, Retesting of the Flair Project After 14 Years<\/em>. Report prepared for Natural Resources Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[iii] Study presented on March 1, 2013 to Ontario\u2019s Ministry of Housing and Municpal Affairs, Building Code and Conservation Advisory Committee (BCCAC)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[iv] Toronto Public Library (n.d.). Heavy Electricity<\/em> [Illustration]. Retrieved from http:\/\/torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com\/cedarbrae\/2014\/04\/survival-training.html<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[v] Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2003). \u2018Cooling Rates of Houses During Extended Power Failures\u2019. In: CMHC Research Highlight 03-106<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[vi] Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (1999). \u2018Research Project on the Noise Insulation Provided by Exterior Walls in Wood Construction\u2019. In: CMHC Research Highlight 99-124<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[vii] Proskiw, G. (2010). Identifying Affordable Net Zero Energy Housing Solutions<\/em>. Report prepared for Natural Resources Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Context\u00a0\u00a0 Properly designed and constructed energy efficient homes require both well-insulated and sealed building envelopes and efficient, reliable mechanical systems.\u00a0 Selecting the appropriate R-values and equipment efficiencies for conventional housing is fairly easy since building codes specify minimum requirements for most of these parameters.\u00a0 However, as the home’s energy target becomes more rigorous, designers and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7,11],"tags":[163,177,89,19,198,32,199,195],"class_list":["post-1015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-building-professional","category-membership","tag-building-envelope","tag-building-mechanics","tag-energy-consumption","tag-energy-efficiency","tag-energy-saving","tag-home-mechanics","tag-saving-energy","tag-sustainability"],"yoast_head":"\nSustainable Energy Efficiency of Homes Starts with an Uncompromised House Envelope - 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